A man looking through a telescope that curves back to show his own eye, illustrating second-order observation and self-observing systems

Observing Systems and Organizational Viability: Reflexivity, Complexity, and Responsibility in Intervention

Twenty-first-century organizations operate in environments characterized by ecological, social, technological, economic, and political interdependencies that exceed the reach of linear explanations. Under these conditions, organizational viability cannot be understood as the automatic result of an appropriate structure, a properly formulated strategy, or an aggregate of individual competencies. Rather, it is a systemic and emergent property […]